 For as long as he can remember, Bob Ballard has been fascinated by the sea. He received his undergraduate degree in geology and chemistry from the University of California. While doing postgraduate work in marine geology at the University of Hawaii he worked as a trainer at a nearby marine park, teaching dolphins to dive through hoops and perform other tricks. In 1967, he entered the U.S. Navy and was assigned to the Deep Submergence Laboratory at Woods Hole, where he remained until 1997. Robert Ballard has led or participated in over 65 underwater expeditions, some of them involving the use of deep-diving submersibles. He made many of his dives in the Alvin, a small, three-person submarine. In 1973 and 1974, he explored the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, a huge underwater mountain range in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean. This ridge is part of a larger undersea range that extends 64,000 kilometers (40,000 miles) around the globe. In 1977, near the Galapagos Islands off the coast of Ecuador, Dr. Ballard and his crew discovered giant worms, some more than two and a half meters (eight feet) long, living inside white tubes and clustered around underwater hot springs. In 1979, he found black smokers off the coast of Baja California. These underwater volcanoes erupt with hot fluids that shoot up from the sea floor through chimneys formed by mineral deposits. In 1985, Dr. Ballard and his research team made their most famous discovery--the wreck of the R.M.S. Titanic. He and his colleagues designed a robot, the Jason Jr., to enter the Titanic and photograph its interior. As a result of this successful venture, Dr. Ballard planned the JASON Project so that thousands of students could share the excitement of live exploration. Dr. Ballard has written many scientific articles and books about his explorations. He is the author of Exploring Our Living Planet; The Discovery of the Titanic; Discovery of the Bismarck; The Children's Explorer Pop-Up Book; and the science fiction novel Bright Shark. He has received many distinguished awards from universities, museums, scientific societies, and explorers' clubs. He has appeared in numerous television programs, including the 2001 National Geographic special Pearl Harbor: Legacy of Attack.
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